The Empire is divided into three and Yi Province is in dire straits. Your subject, Liang, says: The Late Emperor had yet to complete his great mission when he passed away. See the notes section for further explanation of certain parts in the text. The following is a rough translation of the Former Chu Shu Biao. The Song dynasty poet Su Shi commented in the Yue Quan Xiansheng Wenji Xu (樂全先生文集敘) that Zhuge Liang's (Former) Chu Shi Biao was "simple and concise, direct but not disrespectful." Content Before leaving, Zhuge Liang wrote the Former Chu Shi Biao to the Shu emperor Liu Shan to explain the reasons for the campaign and to give his personal advice to Liu Shan on governance.
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This marked the start of a series of Shu invasions of Wei. He decided to launch a campaign against Shu's rival state, Wei, in the north. Zhuge Liang thought that Shu was weak so it had to be aggressive towards its rivals in order to survive. Īt that time, Shu was recovering from its previous defeat at the Battle of Xiaoting in 222 and from the Southern Campaign against opposing forces in the south in 225. The Former Chu Shi Biao was written in 227 and was recorded in Zhuge Liang's biography in the Sanguozhi. The authenticity of the Later Chu Shi Biao is disputed and many scholars believe that it was not written by Zhuge Liang.
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The main topics addressed in the Chu Shi Biaos included the reasons for the Northern Expeditions, as well as Zhuge Liang's personal advice to Liu Shan on how to govern and rule the state. The second, known as the "Later Chu Shi Biao", was supposedly submitted in 228 before Zhuge Liang left for the second Northern Expedition. The first Chu Shi Biao, which is referred to as the "Former Chu Shi Biao", was presented in 227 before Zhuge Liang embarked on the first of a series of military campaigns (commonly known as the Northern Expeditions) against Shu's rival state, Wei. He presented them to Liu Shan, the second emperor of Shu. The Chu Shi Biao refers to either of two memorials written by Zhuge Liang, the Imperial Chancellor of the state of Shu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. The Former Chu Shi Biao engraved in the Temple of Marquis Wu, Chengdu, Sichuan
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